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Aminoglycoside antibiotics function though the inhibition of protein synthesis in bacterial cells. The most common members include streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, tobramycin, and apramycin.
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The amphenicol family of antibiotics includes such drugs as chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and thiamphenicol. Chloramphenicol has been banned for use in food producing animals in many countries as it is known to cause aplastic anemia. Recent detection of this drug in aquaculture products and various other foods, such as honey, has increased monitoring programs for this drug.
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Beta-lactam antibiotics function by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall synthesis. The beta-lactam family of antibiotics includes the Penicillin group, e.g., amoxicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin and penicillin, and the Cephalosporin group, e.g., cephalonium, cefquinome, ceftiofur, and cephapirin.
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Macrolide antibiotics function though the inhibition of protein synthesis in bacterial cells. The macrolide family of antibiotics includes erythromycin, pirlimycin, spiramycin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, and tylosin. Macrolides are closely related structurally to the lincosamide family of antibiotics, and often cross-react on macrolide tests e.g., lincomycin and clindamycin.
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Novobiocin is an aminocourmarin antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis. It is used as a standalone drug in food producing animals and also as a combination drug, e.g., with penicillin.
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Charm® Streptomycin Test, a new Rapid One Step Assay (ROSA) for the detection of streptomycin in raw milk. Streptomycin is a member of the aminoglycoside family and can inhibit the growth of yoghurt and cheese cultures.
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Sulfonamides are bacteriostatic antimicrobial agents that compete with folic acid synthesis in bacteria. Common sulfonamides, or sulfa drugs, used in food producing animals include, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfathiazole, sulfadoxine, sulfadiazine and sulfaquinoxaline. Sulfa drugs are known to provoke allergic reactions in humans, and in the case of sulfamethazine, toxicity studies have shown follicular cell adenomas in mice.
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Tetracyclines are commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria. Tetracyclines are known to provoke allergic reactions in humans, and induce microbial resistance. The most common tetracyclines used on food producing animals include oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline. Administration is primarily via injectables but also via intramammary, bolus, drinking water and in some countries, subtherapeutic levels in feed.
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Antibiotic Tests 
